Getting Higher Score for the TOEFL Structure Theory and Problem-Based Learning for Self Study (part 1)

A. BENTUK / TIPE SOAL

1. STRUCTURE

            15 soal

                        S          +           V

2. Written Expression

            40 soal

B. POKOK PEMBAHASAN

1. CLAUSE

Terdiri dari 2 jenis

1.1. independent

dapat berdiri sendiri

contohnya

Last week I went fishing with my friends while my sister cooking

1.2. dependent

tidak dapat berdiri sendiri harus memiliki anak

2.1. Adjective Clauses

Klausa sifat yang menerangkan kata benda (noun) didepannya

Contohnya

I like the composition that you wrote

NOTED

·         Jk menggunakan penghubung where tidak ada Prepostition (PP), begitu sebaliknya jk tidak       ada where menggunakan PP in.

·  Jk menggunakan penghubung when tdk usah PP, begitu sebaliknya jk tdk ada when menggunakan PP on.

Whom untuk orang                            whose untuk orang

Which untuk benda                            where untuk tempat

That untuk orang atau benda             when untuk waktu

2.2. Noun Clause

Klausa benda yang berfungsi sebagai subjek atau objek.  Jenis penghubung yang digunakan what, when, where, why, how whether, if dan that.

Contohnya

What he said surprised me

I heard what he said

Penghubung sebagai subjek bisa juga who, what dan which

2.3. Adverb Clause

Klausa keterangan yang menerangkan waktu tempat cara sebab kondisi dll

Contohnya

Altough it was cold, I went swimming *pakai koma kalau klausa ket didepan

I went swimming although it was cold

ADVERB CLAUSE CONNETORS
TIME	CAUSE	CONDITION	CONTRAST	MANNER	PLACE
after	As	if	altough	as	Where
as	Because	in case	even	in that	Wherever
as long as	in as much	provided	though
as soon as	now that	providing	though
before	Since	unless	while
by the		whether	whereas
time
once
since
until
when
whenever
while

2. PHRASES

Frasa sekelompok kata yg memiliki makna tetapi tidak ada  subjek dan predikat

2.1. Noun Phrase kata utama

2.2. PP Phrase PP inside, PP after dan PP over

2.3. Gerund Phrase diawali gerund

2.4. Infinitive Phrase diawali Infinitive

2.5. Verb Phrase

3. Types Of Sentences

4 jenis kalimat

3.1. Simple Sentence

Hanya terdiri dari       S        +        V

Contohnya

The whether was extremely hot

            S          V

3.2. Compound Sentence

Dua buah klausa dengan penghubung and, or, but, so atau yet dan didepan penghubung ada tanda koma.

Polanya : (S + V) C (S + V)

Contohnya

The sun was shining, and the sky was blue.

        S              V          C            S       V

3.3. Complex Sentence

Kalimat kompleks terdiri klausa independen (induk kalimat) dan klausa dependen (anak kalimat)

Polanya : S +  (C S V) V

 Contohnya

The book which is on the table is mine.

                        Dependen

3.4. Compound Complex Sentence

Kalimat kompleks dan majemuk terdiri dua klausa independen dan satu klausa dependen

Polanya : S + V  S + V, C S V

4. APPOSITIVES

Sebuah kata yg terdapat didepan atau dibelakang makna yg sama.

Polanya : S , app , V

                App , S + V

Contohnya :

My friend , George , is attending the lecture

George , my friend is attending the lecture

5. Types of Subjects of a Sentence

7 jenis strukur subjek kalimat

5.1. A Noun                      : The woman wrote a book.

5.2. A Pronoun                : She wrote a book.

5.3. A Clause                                    : What she wrote amazed everyone.

5.4. A Gerund                                   : writing was her talent.

5.5. A Gerund Phrase                     : Writing poetry was her talent.

5.6. An Infinitive                  : To write requires special talent.

5.7. An Infinitive Phrase    : To write poetry in latin requires special talent.

Murtiningsih, Retno Sari (2013). Getting Higher Score for the TOEFL Structure. Penerbit Universitas Trisakti : Jakarta.